The Role Of A Chemical Dependency Counselor - 1139 Words

Introduction The role of a chemical dependency counselor can be a very challenging, yet extremely rewarding one. There are many skills and qualities that the successful counselor possesses. Carl Rogers was the first to spearhead the movement of person centered therapy and he has provided a very influential theory on how a person in treatment should be treated. He deemed these to be the most important elements in the therapeutic movement: unconditional positive regard- helps makes change happen because they feel safe and cared about, accurate empathy- it is an understanding of what they are going through, congruence- be who you are, and lastly the desire to help (Watkins, 2016). These elements are the basic ingredient needed to embark on the journey of recovery with a client. This counseling model is intended to provide in depth detail of the counseling process and covers critical concepts that must be understood to effectively help the chemically dependent. The definition of addiction, the subseq uent theories, prevalent disorders, and treatment processes are presented as a guide for counseling the chemically dependent. DSM V criteria for Substance Use Disorder In order to provide the best counseling possible to aid in the recovery of addiction it is necessary to fully understand the definition of substance abuse and dependence (aka addiction). Alan Leshner (1997) defines addiction as an, â€Å"uncontrollable compulsive drug craving, seeking, and use that interferes with, if notShow MoreRelatedCommunity Case Study1342 Words   |  6 Pagesmay be diverse (MU.S.E., 2017). Their passion, aim, and focus will have to be tied to the needs of the public, as well as the needs of the organization. The text assesses overseers, connection to the public, their understanding of the organizations roles and service. Updates on offering possible patients one-of-a-kind service and their dedication to resolving their patients’ and home needs before all else by way of communication and other accessible resources to ensure superior service and favorableRead MoreThe Treatment Of Opiate Addiction1334 Words   |  6 PagesMHT degree and a LCDC III. Furt hermore acquiring a portion of this education at Sinclair. Lakisha is currently employed by Project Cure, as a chemical dependency counselor. The hierarchy at PC. Starts with the CEO Virgil, Deputy Director Denice, Outpatient Supervisor Dr Erving, Lead Counselor Supervisor Rena, CDC Lakisha, with several other CDC counselors, and also a medical staff. Lakisha explains: that a typical work day starts at 8am usually with some kind of impromptu staff meeting; which generallyRead MoreSubstance Abuse Counseling Laws And The Aca Ethics Code1465 Words   |  6 Pagesalcohol. A substance abuse counselor can work in hospitals, prisons, therapeutic facilities, and halfway houses. The purpose of a substance abuse counselor is to help those who have an addiction manage it. In this paper I will be discussing Texas state counseling laws and the ACA ethics code and how these two can guide my work as a substance abuse counselor. I will also discuss the characteristics of a counselor, review my strengths and any challenges I may have as a counselor, a nd discuss my perceptionsRead MoreEssay about Pharmacology620 Words   |  3 Pagesconsidered chemicals and when ingested into the body an affect from the drug takes place. According to Doweiko (1999), â€Å"A drug is essentially a foreign chemical that is introduced into the individual’s body to bring about a  specific desired response. There are many forms of drugs and how these drugs are administered in the body determines the kind of result that will take place. The Central Nervous System, (CNS) plays a major role in how these drugs will affect the body because the chemicals carry outRead MoreHow Are Sleeping Aids For Individuals In Recovery From Substance Abuse And Relapse?868 Words   |  4 PagesSubstance Abuse The use of any medication that has the potential for misuse or abuse is of critical consideration when working with individuals in recovery. Specifically, if an individual is open with a counselor, prescribing physician, or psychiatrist, about their past substance abuse and dependency, they in turn have placed a large amount of trust in these professionals related to appropriate treatment and decision-making. One of the primary issues facing individuals recovering from substance abuseRead MoreFamily Systems Theory, By Van Wyck Brooks1208 Words   |  5 Pagesfundamental influence in family functioning (Curtis, 1999). The MTP, as applied to addiction, assumes that chemical dependency of one individual in the system is a symptom of an historical and multigenerational familial pattern of dysfunctionality. According to BFST, alcoholism and other addictive disorders are transmitted through generations of the family system, precisely because chemical dependency affects the organization, functioning, and communication patterns of entire families. Through this transmissionRead MorePersonal Characteristics Of My Personal Experience969 Words   |  4 Pagesinteracting with others; it is those two strengths are beneficial in an effective counselor as Corey (2013) describes; Because counseling is an intimate form of learning, it demands a practitioner who is willing to be an authentic person-in-the therapeutic relationship. It is within the context of such a person-to-person connection that the client experiences growth. If we hide behind the safety of our professional role, our clients will likely keep themselves hidden from us†¦If we are inauthentic; ourRead MoreAlcohol Dependency And Its Effects On The Community1372 Words   |  6 PagesAlcohol dependency has grown to be stigma in th e community which is responsible for growing problems into the world. It can also remain defined a deep-rooted disease of the brain which might also bear the damaging outcomes on brain as addiction fluctuate the working pattern of human brain that can be for long period. It is even hard for a person after circulate the addiction on alcohol dependency as soon as that is attached per a substance. Moreover, human beings use alcohol to keep away themselvesRead MoreEssay On Sky Rocketing750 Words   |  3 Pagesare deeper in debt while not spending as much at the same time. Helping people to manage or get rid of their debt appears to be the only sustainable solution. The two options are debt settlement services that are for-profit and non-profit credit counselors such as the NFCC, which was started in 1951. The NFCC was the countrys first and biggest such organization that was committed to enhancing the financial well-being of people. We will compare the two alternatives and look at where we as a countryRead MoreAgency Report1617 Words   |  7 Pagesin Dover Delaware. Mission Statement The mission of Crossroads is very clear, â€Å"Crossroads of Delaware’s mission is to offer high quality, cost effective outpatient services for adolescents and their families having trouble associated with chemical dependency and mental health issues. Services are directed at assisting an individual to begin and maintain a sober lifestyle† (Delaware, Policy Procedures Binder 1, 2013). Founded in 1992 by, Dr. Mike Barbieri, MSW, LCSW, and Alberta Crowley, MHS, LCDP

European Union s Impact On The World Economy - 1500 Words

It is undeniable that the news of Britain voted to leave European Union has shook the world greatly. The UK’s withdrawal or widely known as Brexit would definitely have an impact on the world economy, particularly to the businesses in UK which is claimed to be the main concern after all. Over 99% of the businesses are Small or Medium Sized businesses (SME’s) which is equivalent to 5.4 million businesses in total (House of Commons Library, 2016). Of course, these businesses will be affected, both directly and indirectly. This essay will discuss mainly on the opportunities and risks that these businesses will face as a result of Brexit. As the world already knows, ‘Single Market’ is greatly known for European Union’s biggest achievement and†¦show more content†¦Despite of that, it is always argued that Brexit would not make the UK government subsidise in agriculture, or even match the current level of subsidy under CAP (Emily Gosden and Marion Dakers, 2016). Nevertheless, even if the case of subsidies being cut down, there is always opportunity that Brexit will bring in to the farmers, but left unknown. For example, the UK government might think of better ways to support the farmers or better yet introduce an improved scheme. The latter, without doubt will provide even better and higher support to the farmers. In conclusion, farmers might lose but Brexit can possibly offer an opportunity to the whole system. On top of that, the biggest export market for UK is claimed to be Europe (Anon, 2016). Hence, making a decision to leave the European Union will only affect the UK economy even further, particularly to the small businesses in UK. Additionally, the weaker pound will only put the small businesses under high risk. This statement is further reflected from one of the most world known engineering-based company, ’the Group’ as its executive chairman once said that their revenue was broadly flat as a result of Brexit and the orders remain weak and patchy as well (Andy Bounds and Chris Tighe, 2016). This is indeed associated with the absenceShow MoreRelatedNotes On The European Union Essay1496 Words   |  6 PagesNO 1 INTRODUCTION 2 IMPACT OF BREXIT ON BRITAIN’S Economy a immigration b Trade and manufacturing industry c Financial servies d Foreign investment e Consumption and property market 3 One month now, what do we know and don’t 4 Impact on Indian market 5 Global impact 6 What can be the future impacts INTRODUCTION: What is European union? The European union (EU) is an economic and political partnership involving partnership of 28 European countries (Austria , belguimRead MoreImpact of International Trade and European Union on the British Companies1429 Words   |  6 PagesImpact of International Trade and European Union on the British Companies Table of Contents 1. Introduction 1 2. Findings 2 2.1. Benefits of International Trade 2 2.1.1. Adoption of technologies 2 2.1.2. Access to raw materials 2 2.1.3. Lesser dependency on one market 2 2.2. Relation of British Companies to the World Economy 2 2.3. The impact of European Union policies on British manufacturing organizations 2 2.4. Policies Impacting Decisions for Export within the EURead MorePolitical And Economic Impacts Of The British Voters985 Words   |  4 PagesThe British voters have spoken on the June 23 referendum that they want their country out of the European Union. The leave side has prevailed with 52 percent voters supporting Brexit, or Britain s exit, while the remain side getting 48 percent. Some of the political and economic impacts have been already felt in the United Kingdom and registered in Europe and across the world. The others will come as political and economic uncertainties continue. In the United Kingdom, the Conservative Prime MinisterRead MoreA Report On The European Union1646 Words   |  7 PagesThe European Union contains just 7% of the world’s population, but produces 1/3 of the world’s Gross National Product (Delegation of the EU to the US). A single market merges all 28 countries of the EU into one economic free-trade zone with no trade tariffs imposed on one another. The EU accounts for 51% of all trade that the UK conducts with the world (The Data Team 2). Since its admittance to the Union in 1973, Britain’s economy has grown from 326 million Euros per capita to 6,116 million EurosRead MoreEconomic Integration and Global Markets to Uk Business Organizations1735 Words   |  7 Pagesof international trade---------------------3 Economic integration and global markets to UK business organizations-----------------------------------------4 The impact of two policies of the European Union on UK business organizations------------------------------------5 The impact of fiscal policies on the UK business------------5 The impact of monetary policy on the UK business---------6 The economic implications for the UK of entry into EMU--------------------------------------------------------------------6Read MoreThe European Union ( Eu ) Essay1264 Words   |  6 PagesThe European Union (EU) was created when the Maastricht Treaty, or now known as the Treaty on European Union, was signed in the early 1990’s. The document marked an essential milestone in the success and development of many European countries. It paved the way for many other future treaties and it also created the EMU or the European Monetary Union (â€Å"Europe Without Frontiers†). Though there were other economic European federations prior to the EU, the EU has by far been the more prosperous one.Read MoreImpact Of The European Union On Britain s Economy Essay1085 Words   |  5 Pagessupported this idea. People who support thought that being part of the European Union was leaving Britain without identity as a nation, therefore leaving European Union was necessary to restore thei r culture, sovereignty and to have the complete control over their decisions as a country. One of the main reasons why Britain’s leaders decided to leave was immigration, they did not want to accept refugees and as part of the European Union they had to accept them. The referendum took place on June 23rd byRead MorePost-Communist Transition Economies Touched by the Euro Zone Crisis1360 Words   |  6 Pagespaper is on post communist transition economies touched by the Euro Zone crisis. The negative influence it has made to economic dynamics was felt by everyone living in Central and Eastern Europe. Despite the actual collapse of some economies in Central and Eastern Europe, lower standards of living in parts of the region, protests and social anxiety, little attention was paid to the crisis and the recession in the post-communist countries that joined the European Union in 2004 and 2007. With their currenciesRead MoreThe European Union : An Important Part Of Europe1503 Words   |  7 Pages In 1945 the European Unity (formally established as the European Union when the Maastricht Treaty came into force on 1 November 1993 ) was a political development, which was reinforced and inspired by leading British politicians, especially Sir Winston Churchill. In his 1946 Zurich speech a kind of United States of Europe his intent was for the European Unity to be led by France and Germany and he specifically had no intention of involving Britain. It was evident that in these early stages ofRead MoreMacroeconomic Affect On Uk From Long Term And Short Term Sides1590 Words   |  7 Pagesfor the stay in Europe camp won 17,410,742 votes, off the European camp won 16,141,241 million votes; calculate as a percentage of 51.9% to 49.1%. And it will be reaching an agreement after 2 years even the time may be extended. The European process has aroused strong concern in the world, the results have also been the uproar of the world, a variety of evaluation and attention has been following co nsistently. Obviously, British economy will be changed; whether it is long-term or short-term, and

Case Study for Personhood Chart of Different Philosophical Anthropolog

Question: This chart contains a grid for different philosophical anthropologies that answer the question of personhood. Complete the following chart in the context of defining what it means to be human according to Christianity, Materialism, and your own Personal View. Refer to the assigned reading for explanation of characteristics listed on the left. Christianity Materialism Personal View Relational Multidimensional Sexual Moral Mortal Destined for Eternal Life Destined for eternal life: Answer: Christianity Materialism Personal View Relational Christianity focuses more on the internal belief and state of relation. Contemporary work stress on the relational ideas in the persons and how the concept of one world religion does not give the actual differences of the behavior of people. This concept includes the identification of both the human and non-human features. Personhood is relational to the extent the human mind is influenced by the people around. Multidimensional Christianity combines with Judeo to describe multidimensional personhood. It relates to the transformation of personality and relationships (Palmquist, 2010). This defines personhood as one which is similar to the methods of natural science. Human science confronts with the multidimensional reality and creates the new science. Human beings are multidimensional and their personalities do change with the change of circumstances. Sexual Christianity understands sexuality through humanity. It states when personhood is removed from God, Sexuality is removed from personhood. Materialism considers sexuality to be the requirement of the human body and a necessity tool for procreation (Radha Krishna Alsuwaigh, 2014). Sexuality is divine. Moral Christianity states morality can be achieved when material things are removed from the disruptive mediums. This concept considers humans to be totally physical and morality is a state of mind. I believe morality is the conscious that exists in every human and his ability to judge the right and wrong. Mortal The concept of mortality is Catholic and primarily refers to the sins. This concept believes that human beings are mortals and they eventually die and end life (Palmquist, 2010). Human beings are mortals and hence they commit wrong and are punished before they die. Destined for Eternal Life Destined for eternal life: The Bible does not refer directly to the life after death and Christianity when relate to eternal life prefer to mean that individual is living or conscious in some way or other. Materialism do not believe in the eternal life or existence of life after death. Nothing is eternal and eventually everything perishes. References Palmquist, S. (2010).Cultivating personhood. Berlin: De Gruyter. Radha Krishna, L. Alsuwaigh, R. (2014). Understanding the Fluid Nature of Personhood - the Ring Theory of Personhood.Bioethics, 29(3), pp.171-181.

Othello Essays (940 words) - Othello, Iago, Emilia, Desdemona, Moors

Othello "I am not what I am." An essay on Othello, question No 4. I will discuss this quote in relation to Lacan's ideas about language as the symbolic order. My aim is to show how Othello finds his identity threatened by Desdemona's reaction to his tales. In order to explain Lacan's ideas very briefly I will quote from Pam Morris: Literature and Feminism, (Blackwell, 1993) where she discusses the resolution of the Oedipal crisis. For Freud the outcome of the child's fear of castration is its submission to the reality principle and hence its entry into the social order. For Lacan this must coincide with the child's entry into the language system.....Language is thus the Law of the father; a linguistic system within which our social and gender identity is always already structured. (p. 104) Othello's identity in the Venetian society is his role as "the Moor". Few people use his real name when talking about him. When speaking the given quote, Othello is telling the Venetians how he won Desdemona's heart by telling her the story of his life, and he now retells it to the Venetians. This tale-telling is a way of employing the linguistic system to reshape for himself a new identity with more positive connotations than "the Moor" can offer. "The Moor" is an expression the Venetians connect to other expressions in the linguistic system which all have a negative value. Examples are such expressions as "old black ram, a Barbary horse, lascivious, and a devil." The negative overtone of these words will reflect back on Othello. He can't change his origins but he can try to change the connotations of "the Moor". He can fill the expression with a new content and thereby give himself an identity he can be more comfortable with. This is what Othello is doing when he is retelling his history. Othello is obviously a good narrator; Desdemona can't get enough of his story. Expressions like "seriously incline", "with haste" and "greedy ear" show Desdemona's eagerness for his storytelling. "And ever..../She'ld come again" shows that this has been happening over a period of time without Desdemona growing tired of his tales. The given quote implies that Othello feels he has been too clever for his own benefit. Desdemona's craving for his autobiography is felt as a threat; it may jeopardize his new identity. Othello says that she would: "Devour up my discourse". It is in this discourse that his identity exists. If she devours up his discourse, she devours up his identity and leaves him where he started; as "the Moor". Desdemona may represent the all-engulfing mother of the pre-Oedipal stage. This is a stage without structure, language or identity, an opposite to the linguistic system, the Law of the father. It is with a "greedy ear" she "devours up my discourse". An ear is sometimes used to symbolize female genitalia and will here emphasize the fact that Othello feels the threat to be feminine. That he, through his discourse, is devoured shows that this feminine threat is all-engulfing. If Othello refuses to accept his old role as "the Moor" he will either be without an identity or be dragged by his self-fashioned identity back into the pre-Oedipal stage. These options are two sides of the same coin, he will lose himself either way. To give up one's self is the same as suicide. Both death and the pre-Oedipal stage are spheres without language, structure, intention or identity. To give way to the one or the other will have the same result for Othello; he will no longer be a conscious being. To save himself, Othello must get control over this "greedy ear". Female sexuality was considered something scary which could best be controlled through marriage. A loose tongue was a sign of loose sexuality. Othello extends this notion to include Desdemona's "greedy ear". He marries Desdemona and all is well until Iago implies that Desdemona is unfaithful. Unfaithfulness in a woman will reflect back on her husband. A cuckold is a ridiculous figure in other people's eyes. He must be seriously lacking in person for his wife to run after other men. Othello sees himself in the same situation as before the marriage. Instead of using her ears she is now using her sexuality to destroy the identity he has built up for himself. I have already pointed out how ears and sexuality are connected in Othello's mind. Either way the results are the same for Othello's identity. He sees his positive image of himself slipping away: "Farewell the plumed troops

Top College Majors Further Careers †Pro-Academic-Writers.com

Top College Majors Further Careers Deciding on your college major is a highly responsible step. It is not necessary to choose a major which is related to your further career, but it is recommended to study and work in somehow interconnected fields. There are a lot of factors to take into account before selecting the type of college major which suits you. Besides, it makes no sense to waste time on several different degrees at a time: you have to invest all your time in one field and building college application essay exactly for the university and major of your dream.   Other published guides on college majors may be useful too. Except for the general college subjects, your curriculum will also include narrow areas such as Physics, Political Science, or Gender Studies. Most of the modern colleges add E-commerce as a separate discipline and major as far as the internet became a powerful tool of modern business people. There is one thing all contemporary college majors have in common: students will definitely have to use computers. Information technology and medicine are considered the top college majors as far as corresponding careers gain the highest salaries and social bonuses. Read this article to the end to find out what careers and degrees are the most wanted in today’s world. In case you haven’t made your decision yet, you might be interested in picking on of these areas. Anyway, you can change your decision at any time during your education if you don’t love what you do. Hottest College Majors and Related Jobs For most of the industries and college majors, last year was full of new job opportunities. At the same time, the basic indexes remained almost the same. Searching for well-paid sought-after positions which require skills you possess? In order to get a good job, it is better to gain Master’s degree. Before choosing your educational path, you have to decide on your further job. Here is a list of most wanted college majors and relevant jobs for you to pick from. You can ease your application process by using help from experts online. Dental hygiene Dental hygienists are among the most demanded and perspective professionals in the field of healthcare. Unlike surgery or manual physician, this job does not require that huge medical background except for the college major in dental hygiene. After all, compared to other entry-level positions like registered nurse, the wages are more than enough. American Dental Association certificate is the only must to gain up to $70,000 per year. Note that you’ll need years of experience and college major before becoming a really great dental hygienist. Veterinary biomedical sciences Do you care about animals? Then, a veterinary technician is just the right job for you once you end up with your college major in biomedical sciences. Private technicians who serve pets on house are very appreciated and rare experts. Pet doctors are valued less than human, but it doesn’t reduce the importance of their roles. They help both animals and their owners. A vet tech is tested less strictly: all they have to do is to pass a single college exam. The advanced knowledge in pet’s health might be a plus. The duties are also simple: interpreting the tests results (without even conducting them), stating diagnoses and supporting pet’s health level. The salary is twice smaller than mentioned above. Sports fitness administration There is no need to tell how demanded fitness trainers are in the age when everyone watches after their bodies. College major in sports is thus a trend. The absolute record holder in terms of college majors and top careers is a fitness trainer. Thanks to the new fashion trend, sporty girls and guys are in demand now. So are the fitness center’s jobs. You don’t have to be a professional trainer: a close friend of mine got the job only because of his passion for bodybuilding. That’s it. The expected wages for this kind of job are $40,000-45,000. After all, it’s a great opportunity always to keep fit and healthy. The attendance for workers is free of charge. Computer Science The most popular occupation from this college major category is known as a database administrator. It’s a rather complicated and valued job. Database administrators are usually among the most responsible company’s IT specialists as the entire computer system depends on them. Well, this one stayed on the list for the last decade. Good system administrators are always in top 10 due to the rapid digital world’s development. Storing, retrieving, organizing, and controlling databases are as easy as ABC for the modern generation. So, be ready with your Associate’s Degree in Computer Science (or good luck) to receive $65,000 annually. Nursing (different types) Medical assistant sounds like something amateur, but, I fact, people of this position possess all chances to become professional doctors and even surgeons one day. This age is all about IT and healthcare college majors. Eat humble pie. Be ready to perform basic medical aid and care for patients. Your recruiter might be a private physician, chiropractor, ophthalmologist, podiatrist, or another doc. This position suits students perfectly as part of their internship program, so there are no obligatory documents required for the salary of around $30,000. Computer engineering A Software Engineer is a top winner in this area. Mobile applications and online games are especially admired nowadays. You are at the right time and the right place within your potential IT company if you can boast at least Bachelor of Science in Software Engineering. Ready to get your $60,000 for the small but smart ideas? Health information technology Health Information Technician is a rare and well-paid profession with dozens of responsibilities and obligations. A.k.a. medical record keeper, these guys can make $30,000 for just saving doctor’s time for patient's treatment. Healthcare administration It is true that majors in arts are less wanted than healthcare professionals. Yes, I warned you there is a plenty of them. Your recruiter will be interested in your Accreditation from the Accreditation Review Commission on Education for the Physician Assistant before paying a bit more than $90,000! It’s a right path for those who wish to become talented physicians one day. You can also try being physical therapist aide once you finish your college major. It’s a good start to reaching previous position and wages level one day. Being high school graduate is all you need for sure. The payment is twice lower at his stage. Network Systems Analyst At last, a leader regarding required certificates, Network Systems Analyst. You’ll be asked to bring your Network Analyst Certificate, Bachelor’s Degree in Computer Science, Management Information Systems, Information Science, or Systems Engineering, but the payment is not that huge: $55,000. So think of it: maybe, the system administrator will suit you better? As we can see, liberal arts and other humanitarian sciences are not among best college majors. Unless you are really interested in these fields, it is recommended to gain skills in medicine, engineering, and IT. When you finally make a choice regarding your preferred college major, rely on professional admissions essay writing service where you can buy 100% original application papers. Making choices regarding your college life and career is a hard job, but we hope that these tips would help.

The Horror of Gas Chamber Poison Zyklon B

The Horror of Gas Chamber Poison Zyklon B Beginning in September 1941, Zyklon B, the brand name for hydrogen cyanide (HCN), was the poison used to kill at least a million people in gas chambers at Nazi concentration and death camps such as Auschwitz and Majdanek. Unlike the Nazis earlier methods of mass murder, Zyklon B, which was originally used as a common disinfectant and insecticide, proved to be an efficient and deadly murder weapon during the Holocaust. What Was Zyklon B? Zyklon B was an insecticide used in Germany before and during World War II to disinfect ships, barracks, clothing, warehouses, factories, granaries, and more. It was produced in crystal form, creating amethyst-blue pellets. Since these Zyklon B pellets turned into a highly poisonous gas (hydrocyanic or prussic acid) when exposed to air, they were stored and transported in hermetically-sealed, metal canisters. Early Attempts at Mass Killing By 1941, the Nazis had already decided and attempted to kill Jews on a mass scale, they just had to find the fastest way to accomplish their goal. After the Nazi invasion of the Soviet Union, Einsatzgruppen  (mobile killing squads) followed behind the army in order to round up and murder large numbers of Jews by mass shootings, such as at Babi Yar. It wasnt long before the Nazis decided that shooting was costly, slow, and took too large a mental toll on the killers. Gas vans were also tried as part of the Euthanasia Program and at the Chelmno Death Camp. This mode of killing used the carbon-monoxide exhaust fumes from trucks to murder Jews who were crammed into the enclosed back area. Stationary gas chambers were also created and had carbon monoxide piped in. These killings took about an hour to complete. The First Test Using Zyklon B Pellets Crematorium 1 at Auschwitz concentration camp. Ira Nowinski/Getty Images Rudolf Hà ¶ss, the commandant of Auschwitz, and Adolf Eichmann searched for a faster way to kill. They decided to try Zyklon B. On September 3, 1941, 600 Soviet prisoners of war and 250 Polish prisoners who were no longer able to work were forced into the basement of Block 11 at Auschwitz I, known as the death block, and Zyklon B was released inside. All died within minutes. Just days later, the Nazis transformed the large morgue room at Crematorium I in Auschwitz into a gas chamber and made 900 Soviet prisoners of war go inside for disinfection. Once the prisoners were crammed inside, Zyklon B pellets were released from a hole in the ceiling. Again, all died quickly. Zyklon B had proved to be a very effective, very efficient, and very cheap way to kill large numbers of people. The Gassing Process Aerial reconnaissance film of Auschwitz concentration camp, 1st August 1944.   Bettmann/Getty Images With the construction of Auschwitz II (Birkenau), Auschwitz became one of the largest killing centers of the Third Reich. As Jewish and other undesirables were brought into the camp via train, they underwent a Selektion on the ramp. Those deemed unfit for work were sent directly to the gas chambers. However, the Nazis kept this a secret and told the unsuspecting victims that they had to undress for a bath. Led to a well-camouflaged gas chamber with fake shower heads, the prisoners were trapped inside when a large door was sealed behind them. Then, an orderly, who wore a mask, opened a vent on the roof of the gas chamber and poured Zyklon B pellets down the shaft. He then closed the vent to seal the gas chamber. The Zyklon B pellets turned immediately into a deadly gas. In a panic and gasping for air, prisoners would push, shove, and climb over each other to reach the door. But there was no way out. Within five to 20 minutes (depending on the weather), all inside were dead from suffocation. After all were dead, the poisonous air was pumped out, a process that took about 15 minutes. Once it was safe to go inside, the door was opened and a special unit of prisoners, known as the Sonderkommando, hosed down the gas chamber and used hooked poles to pry the dead bodies apart. Rings were removed and gold plucked from teeth. Then the bodies were sent to the crematoria, where they would be turned into ash. Who Made Zyklon B for the Gas Chambers? Zyklon B was made by two German companies: Tesch and Stabenow of Hamburg and Degesch of Dessau. After the war, many blamed these companies for knowingly creating a poison that was used to murder over a million people.  The directors of both companies were brought to trial. Director Bruno Tesch and executive manager Karl Weinbacher (of Tesch and Stabenow) were found guilty and given the death sentence. Both were hung on May 16, 1946. Dr. Gerhard Peters, the director of Degesch, however, was found guilty only as an accessory to homicide and given a sentence of five years in prison. After several appeals, Peters was acquitted in 1955.

Audit Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Audit - Essay Example This has resulted in the emergence of the phrase that â€Å"auditors are the dogs that did not bark during the crisis†, and thus their role in helping avert financial crisis through detecting and reporting any anomaly or perceived misrepresentation of the financial truthfulness of organizations has been put to question (Fielding, 2011 p35). Therefore, considering that there are four major auditing firms that operate globally and monopolizes the European Union regions, namely PricewaterhouseCoopers, Ernst & Young, Deloitte and KPMG, concerns have always arisen regarding the collusion between the auditing firms and their clients to give unfair and unbalanced financial reporting information and opinion (Clifford, n.p.). This has necessitated the need for introducing reforms that would see the already existing collusion, as well as the conflict of interest in auditing, effectively addressed (IFAC, 2013 p36). EC audit reform proposals and the underlying areas of concern that they s eek to address First, the EC audit reform proposes a system of compulsory rotation of audit firms amongst their clients (Crump, 2011 n.p.). This proposal has arisen from the fact that; it has been noted that many firms and organization have enlisted the services of a single audit firm for many years, even running for decades, something that has made it possible for the audit firms and their clients to develop a collusion mechanism that prevents the auditors from applying prudence in auditing the transactions and the financial reports of their longstanding clients (Irvine, 2013, n.p.). The effect of this has always been unbalanced and misleading audit reports, which are only proven wrong, when such firms are eventually netted in big financial scandal or when the firms are forced to close down, due to financial problems, despite the fact that their previous reporting and audit reports have been indicating favorable financial positions (Garcia, 2005 p56). Consequently the EU has introd uced a proposal requiring that the client firms will have to change their auditors after a maximum period of 6 years, or a maximum of 9 years, on condition that the client firms have enlisted the services of joint auditing services, since there is a potential of the audit firms increasing the quality of the auditing done, when the firm is audited by two different firms (IFAC, 2013 p42). Thus, this proposal was meant to introduce measures that would encourage joint services, even where it is has not been made obligatory; to avert the problem of conflict of interests and collusion, amongst the auditing firms and their client firms (Orlik, 2011 n.p.). Mandatory audit tendering The EC reform proposal also introduces a proposal for the audit client firms for all public-interest entities to mandatory introduce obligatory open and transparent selection procedures for the new firms (Lovells & Banerjee, 2011 p44). Under this requirement, the EC also proposes that the audit committee should e ffectively be involved in the selection procedure of the new auditors, to ensure the prudence of the selection process, since the auditors selected also influences the nature of the reporting and financial opinion given by the audit firms

Web 2.0 Security Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Web 2.0 Security - Research Paper Example The idea of the â€Å"Web 2.0 was given by Darcy DiNucci, an advisor on electronic information paradigm. In this regard, this emerging idea is normally linked with web applications that are helpful to increase the capability to communicate interactive information distribution, cooperation, user-centered plan on the www. Additionally, the web sites which encompass the features of Web 2.0 offer its users the free option to work together or cooperate with each other in the community media discussion as designers of user-produced information material in a virtual society, as compared to those websites where clients are restricted to the inactive analysis of content that was developed for them. Moreover, the instances of Web 2.0 comprise a range of applications like social-networking blogs, websites, video-sharing websites, wikis, web applications, hosted services, folksonomies and mashups. Despite the fact that the idea presents an innovative description of the World-Wide-Web, but it do es not offer an update to some technological conditions, however relatively growing transformations in the means software developers and end users utilize the Web (XIBL; Mysore). Normally, the Web 2.0 incorporates the client-side website browser expertise such as Flash, Asynchronous JavaScript and XML (Ajax) and JavaScript/Ajax frameworks and the Adobe Flex framework like that Dojo Toolkit, Yahoo! UI Library, jQuery and MooTools. In this scenario, Ajax programming utilizes Java-Script to upload as well as download new data from the web server without reloading a page repeatedly (XIBL; Mysore). Web 2.0 uses machine-based connections like that SOAP and REST. In this scenario, servers frequently represent administrative Application Programming Interfaces or simply APIs, however standard APIs (for instance, for positioning to an internet blog or informing a blog revision) are also used in development. Moreover, for the communications in APIs incorporate XML or else JSON payloads (XIBL; Mysore). The new web based or web-supported tools offer a range of effective software features and services to the consumers, workers and business associates. These services could be easily managed and handled. Additionally, the new information technology offers access to a major business resource such as the web server, which gives the capability to access various other useful information resources, for instance database servers (ITSecurity). At the present time, a lot of young people have fully integrated Web 2.0 tools and applications into their professional and personal lives. According to various researches, more than 80% of workers make use of social networking applications or web sites like that MySpace, Facebook and YouTube at workplaces or on their laptops. Thus, it is clear that the fame of video-calling (Skype), instant messaging and peer-to-peer (such as multi-player gaming) is increasing day by day and it is causing augmenting danger for business’s status, networ k performance in addition to information safety (M86 Security). Web 2.0 is definitely very helpful in almost every walk of life. For instance, people read blogs on various latest issues, and place queries on communication board to get response of their questions or investigate specialized debates or forums to get latest knowledge about a definite issue. Moreover, the Web 2.0 applications such as IM (or instant messaging), P2P and Skype frequently offer extra advantages for exchanging information with associates (M86 Security). Obviously, Web 2.0 technology can negatively affect business information security as well as efficiency of organizations. For instance, the lively, interactive website content on Web 2.0 websites can simply divert a worker for hours. Moreover, the businesses are bothered regarding the possible discovery of secret and sensitive data and information by workers when they communicate with other, write messages, write blogs or leave remarks when participating in so cial media (M86 Security). The major examples of Web 2.0 includes

Assessment Process Essay Example for Free

Assessment Process Essay A1 Award 1 Understand the principles and requirements of assessment. 1. 1 Explain the functions of assessment in learning and development. ? ? ? What is initial assessment and how does this identify learner’s needs? What is formative assessment and how does this track learner’s progress? What is summative assessment and how does this assess learner’s achievement? 1. 2 Define the key concepts and principles of assessment. ? ? ? ? ? How do you make assessment using set criteria in order to make judgements of learners’ knowledge, skills and competence? What is meant by validity and reliability? What role does evidence have in making assessment decisions? What is meant by evidence being authentic, sufficient and current the importance of objectivity and fairness to learners? What is the importance of transparency for the learner? 1. 3 Explain the responsibilities of the assessor: ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? How do you ensure that you understand and apply the standards and requirements of the award you are assessing? How do you plan assessments to meet learner needs? How do you communicate assessment requirements to learners? How do you carry out assessments? How do you compare evidence with set standards? How do you make assessment decisions? How do you record the assessment process and decisions? How do you provide feedback to learners? How do you take part in standardisation processes? What do you do that ensures you take part in continuing professional development? 1. 4 Identify the regulations and requirements relevant to assessment in own area of practice ? How do you ensure you implement the assessment requirements for the awarding organisation (i. e. City and Guilds) or regulatory body (i. e. Ofsted)? ? What do you have to do in order to comply with the above? ? Why do you need to comply with the relevant assessment strategy for that particular qualification? What is the importance of this process? 2. Understand different types of assessment method. 2. 1 Compare the strengths and limitations of a range of assessment methods with reference to the needs of individual learners Looking at a range of assessment methods and their strengths and weaknesses of each. 3. Understand how to plan assessment. 3. 1 Summarise key factors to consider when planning assessment ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? How do you know what standards/criteria to be used when planning assessments? How do you pick what type and volume of evidence is required? How do you decide what assessment method to use? What do you communication to the learner about the assessment plan? What needs to be communicated to other people involved in the assessment process? How do you consider location and resources when planning assessments? How do you decide what time and duration the assessment planning process should take? How do you plan specific learner needs and decide on any support required? How do you manage the assessment process? How do you record the assessment processes and the decisions that you have made? How do you feedback to the learner? How do you comply with the relevant assessment strategy of planning the assessment of a qualification? 3. 2 Evaluate the benefits of using a holistic approach to assessment. ? ? ? ? How can you ensure that you are efficient in the collection of evidence for the learner and for you as an assessor? How can you plan for evidence that can be used for more than one unit? How can you identifying how the learner integrates different areas into their practice to ensure that holistic assessment takes place. Understanding into their practice. 3. 3 Explain how to apply holistic assessment when planning assessment. How do you plan assessments so that a variety of required evidence can be derived from one assessment occasion? 3. 4 Summarise the types of risks that may be involved in assessment in own area of responsibility. How do you ensure that you assess risks in your role as assessor: 3. 5 Explain how to minimise risks through the planning process. How to manage assessments to minimise risks associated with, health and safety, learner stress and potential for inauthentic evidence, collusion, unjustifiable support to the learner, fairness. 4. Understand how to involve learners and others in assessment 4. 1 Explain the importance of involving the learner and others in the assessment process. What are the benefits of involving learners in the assessment process? 4. 2 Summarise types of information that should be made available to learners and others involved in the assessment process. What information should be given to learners and others involved in the assessment process? 4. 3 Explain how peer and self-assessment can be used effectively to promote learner involvement and personal responsibility in the assessment of learning. Why should the learner and others contribute to formative assessment? What are the benefits of the learning developing a sense of ownership over the learning and the assessment process? 4. 4 Explain how assessment arrangements can be adapted to meet the needs of individual learners. What types of adapts regarding assessment may need to take place in order to meet the needs of the following: language requirements / physical disabilities / particular learning needs and working patterns. 5. Understand how to make assessment decisions 5. 1 Explain how to judge whether evidence is valid, authentic, current, and sufficient? 5. 2 How do you ensure that assessment decisions are made against specified criteria and are valid, reliable, and fair? 6. Understand own contribution to the quality assurance of assessment 6. 1 Evaluate the importance of quality assurance in the assessment process How do you ensure that you meet the requirements of quality assurance? How do you ensure the reliability of assessment decisions and the fairness to individual candidates? 6. 2 Summarise quality assurance and standardisation procedures in own area of practice What are the quality assurance and standardisation procedures for the qualifications that you assess? 6. 3 Summarise the relevant procedures to follow when there are disputes concerning assessment in own area of practice. What are the appeals procedures relevant to own area of assessment practice? 7. Understand how to manage information relation to assessment of occupational competence 7. 1 Explain the importance of following procedures for the management of information relating to assessment. How do you ensure that you provide accurate information on learner achievement and contribute to quality and standardisation? How do you ensure that feedback is given to the learner and review the learning progress? How do you maintain records if required in regards to an appeal? 7. 2 Explain how feedback and questioning contributes to the assessment process. How does feedback help the learner develop? 8. Understand the legal and good practice requirements in relation to assessment 8. 1 Explain legal issues, policies and procedures relevant to assessment, including those for confidentiality, health, safety and welfare. What is the organisation, legal and awarding bodies policies and procedures in regards to the following areas: Health and safety, including leaner emotional welfare, confidentiality, transparency, record keeping, equal opportunities and diversity, compliance with the relevant assessment strategy if assessing a qualification.

Essay --

Federal Bureau of Investigations The Federal Bureau of Investigations has been a key job in the US since about 1908. Attorney General Charles Bonaparte created the FBI during the presidency of Theodore Roosevelt. â€Å"Created as the Bureau of Investigation, it originally conducted investigations only for the Justice Dept† (Unknown 1). â€Å"One year later, the Office of the Chief Examiner was renamed the Bureau of Investigation, and in 1935 it became the Federal Bureau of Investigation.† (History 1) The number of FBI jobs in the US is increasing; about 800,000 jobs are available now. Prospects in the next 10 years are projected to increase 7% by 2020. The rank structure for field agents looks like this; New Agent Trainee (until graduation from Quantico), Special Agent, Senior Resident Agent (non-supervisory, in a Resident Agency (satellite office)), Supervisory Senior Resident Agent (only applies in Resident Agency offices), Supervisory Special Agent, Assistant Special Agent-in-Charge (ASAC), Special Agent-in-Charge. (SAC) The rank structure for FBI management looks like this; Unit Chief, Section Chief, Deputy Assistant Director, Assistant Director, Associate Executive Assistant Director, Executive Assistant Director, Associate Deputy Director, Deputy Director, Director. (FBI Jobs 1) Getting a FBI job isn’t easy, there are many requirements. â€Å"For example, to become an FBI Special Agent you must be a U.S. citizen or a citizen of the Northern Mariana Islands. You must be at least 23 years of age to apply and have not reached 37 years of age upon your appointment as a Special Agent. Age waivers may be granted to preference eligible veterans who have surpassed their 37th birthday. You must possess a four-year degree from a college or univers... ..., traumatic experiences, your family life, and the ridiculous applying process. FBI special agents are asked to move and relocate to where the Federal Bureau of Investigations needs you most which could be the other side of the United States. Overall I think it evens itself out and I don’t mind the disadvantages. In the FBI, if you have a foreign language you can speech you are very important to them. That is a huge advantage to have, for example a situation that involves terrorism. Also FBI special agents that have foreign speaking skills have a higher salary. Working for the Federal Bureau of Investigations would be an interesting job to go to everyday. Employees of the FBI have many benefits with many disadvantages. The FBI is a very important job to the United States of America and we’d like to thank all the employees for fighting for our country every day.

The World Wide Web or Internet

Commonly known as the Internet, the world†s largest network is used extensively throughout the world today. Since its creation in 1983, the Internet has continued to grow in popularity and use as a commercial and private communications medium. Millions of people throughout the world use the Internet in a variety of ways, ranging from personal conversations to on-line shopping. According to a survey compiled by Nua Ltd in 1999, the number of Internet users rose from 26 million in 1995 to 205 million in 1999, an increase of almost 700% (Nua Ltd)! With such an explosive increase, how then has he Internet affected us personally, and how has it affected the way we do business? The answers to these questions include changes in the way people obtain information, interact, work, learn and conduct business. Given the Internet†s original purpose is to share information, it is no wonder that the most important asset of the Internet is the wealth of information that can be found on the Internet (Maney 3). Information previously found only in libraries and encyclopedias is now available on the Internet; in addition, news, weather, and movie listings are also ade available on the Internet. Internet users constantly remain informed of the world around them by reading news from the New York Times, USA Today, San Jose Mercury News, Los Angeles Times and many other newspapers found on-line. Even those like myself who are far away from home can keep in touch by reading local newspapers Along with the vast amount of information, the Internet also provides almost instant sharing and distribution of information. Through the use of electronic mail, people all over the world can â€Å"send information to far-away places cheaply, easily and in great olume – much more than any medium before it† (Maney 3). This form of communication known as email is the most widely used tool of the Internet today. Another invention of the Internet is the chat room. From within a chat room, people make friends with others throughout the world and share information with one another in real time. Because of email and chat capability, employees can work together without requiring that everyone work in the same place or even at the same time (Maney 4). On a more personal level, email and chat allow families and friends to stay in touch, keeping relationships intact. Being an international student myself, email and chat rooms have greatly benefited me as they enable me to constantly keep in touch with my family and friends in Singapore. The educational community has also taken advantage of the opportunities the Internet offers. Over the last few years, there has been a tremendous growth in both the number of distance education courses offered by colleges and universities, and in the enrollment in those classes. Internet based classes allow students to watch, listen, and exchange ideas with educators and other students who may be miles away. With n-line education, people learn independently and at their own pace. Such convenience allows learning to take place virtually anywhere and at any time. Busy working adults are now taking classes in the comfort of their home without having to attend regularly scheduled classes on a college campus. Online education also provides people from rural districts the opportunity to have an education without having to travel long distances. Besides supporting on-line education, the Internet has also made our lives immensely simple by allowing us to do countless tasks even in the middle of the night. Using the Internet, people find jobs, send electronic cards, shop, make airline and hotel reservations, execute stock trades, and even pay bills online! The Internet is thus a virtual market place where people can, at the click of a button, select products, place orders, and pay using a secure electronic transaction. All of this ability has made conducting personal business convenient and easy, and enables everyone to complete many tasks that previously would take weeks. With the increasing popularity of people shopping and purchasing goods online, the Internet has created â€Å"new ways of doing business† (Maney 4). Realizing the potential of the Internet, many companies have started to advertise their products and services on-line. By marketing their products and services on-line, companies are able to constantly update the site's product catalog and inform buyers of any changes. Companies, especially new ones, can now allow themselves to be made known to the consumers through advertising over the Internet. Furthermore, there is lesser overhead cost involved, as sales persons and order takers are no longer required. In addition, the Internet has also enabled low budget organizations to reach interested parties across the country or the world. All of these lower costs have resulted in lower costs for the consumer. Many on-line shoppers can find good deals and low prices for desired goods, leading to even more and more on-line business. However, these reduced costs and benefits for the consumer have had adverse effects on some businesses that have been around for many years. Those business which typically are service or data oriented have seen a sharp decline in sales. For example, ar dealerships compete with on-line business because some customers prefer finding a vehicle on-line instead of dealing with a nagging car salesman. Car dealerships are not the only ones threatened by the convenience of the Internet. Postal services and phone companies also face new competition from Internet applications such as email Although the Internet may have some great and significant impact on our lives and the way business is done, there are considerable consequences and drawbacks. Because of the Internet, a new social disorder has been created known as Internet Addiction Disorder (IAD). IAD occurs when a computer dominates rather than serves a person, and when people develop â€Å"unhealthy dependencies on the Internet use† (Gard 3). Psychologists have found that there has been a raise in the number of people who â€Å"find the virtual reality on computer screens more attractive than everyday reality† (Gard 3). These addicts perceive that surfing the web is more important than doing any other task. They cannot control the amount of time spent on the computer. For these addicts, the Internet serves as an outlet to escape from reality, relieving their feelings f distress (Gard 3). These addicts often feel anxious and uneasy when not on-line, and crave the Internet connection. As a result of such an addiction, Internet addicts tend to neglect their family, friends and work. Ironically, numerous on-line support groups have since been set up to offer advice to people with such a disorder. Apart from Internet addiction, personal privacy is jeopardized and â€Å"doesn†t exist on the Internet† (Gard 2). Being a web surfer myself, I have had to provide my name, email account, interests, and even telephone number during several occasions in order to ccess a particular web site. In doing this, unscrupulous Internet businesses steal or misuse personal information given to them to â€Å"personalize features on their sites to make them more appealing† (Gard 2). They also release information about their customers to their advertisers. These companies use this information to invade one†s personal time with phone calls and newsletters trying to offer their services. Furthermore, the Internet has made it easier than ever before for people to share and sell data, so that â€Å"anyone who†s willing to pay can get Social Security numbers and riving records† (Gard 2). Likewise, a person having your credit card number and its expiration date can now purchase goods online. From the above examples, it can be seen that there is little, if any, privacy left to be found when dealing with the Internet. The Internet has also given criminals a new media to exploit. While there are many types of Internet criminal activity, child pornography has quickly become a critical issue for the Internet. There has been a widespread increase in the distribution of illegal child pornography on the Internet; child pornographers misuse the Internet to exploit exually abused and molested children throughout the world. By means of the Internet, sexually explicit material of children has been illegally transmitted and sold. Despite these abhorrent activities, the Internet provides each of us with extraordinary With the number of people using the Internet growing exponentially, it is easy to see that the Internet has pervaded the life of everyone. Those that use the Internet on a daily basis, or even only a little, can feel the impact of the Internet around them. The ease with which they can communicate, learn, or accomplish simple tasks and chores akes life easier, and hopefully less stressful. Even those that don†t use the Internet can feel the impact it has on our society and businesses. Because many businesses today use the Internet to advertise products and to provide support, those not familiar with the Internet may find it difficult to get the information needed. People in this position may not like what is happening around them, but the effect on their lives is also felt. Whether the Internet†s effect on someone is good or bad, the fact remains that the Internet has an effect on us all.

Management Styles through Different Leaders

Management Styles through Different Leaders Essay – A growing body of evidence in the business environment supports that leaders are made and not born. However, a good leader must have patience, commitment, knowledge, and experience to manage the subordinates. In other words, a good leadership style is developed through training, education, self-commitment, and accumulation of experience. (Zaleznik, 2004). More importantly, leadership is one of the most researched concepts in business studies because of the contributions of a leader to the organizational achievement. This study also compares the management styles through different leaders by reviewing leadership styles of Carlo Slim and Bill Gates. A good leader transforms an organization and shapes the economy. Carlo Slim and Bill Gate are the examples of the leaders who use their different management styles to transform the economy and their respective organizations.The objective of this document is to provide an analysis of management styles through leaders. This study also compares the leadership styles of Carlo Slim and Bill Gates.Management Styles through Different LeadersK?yak, et al. (2011) define the conceptual leadership as a selective, role-taking, empathetic and selective process that assist in handling the strategic initiative of an organization. Clarks, (2009) points out that leadership is the major factor that determines the success or failure of an organization. However, leadership and management overlap because an individual must have both leadership and management skills to be effective in an organization. Management involves an ability to achieve a specific task. However, leadership is a broader concept that involves a process by which leaders nurture and communicate ideas to the subordinates.To modify or extend this essay or to get pricing on a custom essay Contact Us TodayA strategic leadership plays an expanding role in enhancing competitive advantages. In a healthcare organization, leaders are called upon to use their problem-solving skills and knowledge to develop creative solutions to problems. Creative leadership involves the ability to invent or develop new solutions to challenging problems. One of the exemplified leaders in the healthcare organization was Robert, a nurse leader, who used democratic leadership style to assist her staff growing independently. (Clark,. 2009). Henry Fayol argues that both leaders and managers delegate powers to their subordinates to assist an organization to balance responsibility and authority to achieve a specific task. However, management process involves planning, staffing, organizing, controlling and directing. In this Essay we will compare the management styles through different leaders.Bill GatesBill Gates is one of the exemplified leaders who integrate management process into his leadership ability to achieve competitive advantages for the Microsoft Corporation. He is a business giant, and highly regarded in the IT and business world, often ranked in the Fortune 500 as one of the top 10 most admired business leaders. Bill used autocratic leadership styles to direct his subordinates before his retirement from Microsoft in 2008. Gates’ success was attributed to his controlling ability and quick decision-making process. (Demuth, & Hammond, 2013). Sometimes, Gates exhibited more than one leadership styles depending on circumstances. While Gates used the autocratic style as the dominant leadership style in managing the business, however, Gates would not have been successful if adopted only an authoritarian style because the authoritarian style is not appropriate for innovation and can hinder the creative ability of followers. Zentner, (2016) believed that Bill was a servant leader who focused on helping others to achieve their goals. â€Å"Servant leadership focuses on the betterment and support of others by seeking to meet the interests, needs, and ambitions of others’ above one’s own.† (Zentner, 2016 p 1). When a servant leadership style is implemented appropriately, it can enhance employee behaviors and outlook, which drives motivation for higher performances and changes.To modify or extend this essay or to get pricing on a custom essay Contact Us TodayCarlos SlimCarlos Slim is another leader in Mexico who integrates the transformational leadership styles in his management style to transform himself into a business giant. Mr. Slim is a native originally from Mexico. At a tender age, he received a business lesson, which helped him to understand the method to increase his personal fund. At the age of 12, he started investing in shares and after completing an engineering course at the University of Mexico at the age of 25, Slim incorporated his first company named Inmobiliaria Carso in 1966. He inculcated the spirit of transformational leadership by diversifying his business ventures using the visionary skills to actively invest in various businesses when Mexico was facing the economic problems.Management Styles through Different Leaders – Carlo Slim and Bill GatesCarlo Slim leadership style is influenced by his personal beliefs and principles, which he has inculcated in transforming his business empire. Unlike founder of Microsoft who used the autocratic leadership style in managing the Microsoft Corporation, Slim incorporated the transformational leadership styles when making a business decision. Yavirach, (2015) argues transformational leaders use the intellectual capability to stimulate their subordinates to achieve better performances. Slim uses the transformational leaders to transform Telmex into the biggest telecommunication company in the Latin America. Although, both Slims and Gates are entrepreneurs, and multi-billionaires in the North America, however, their leadership principles are different. While Gates uses the combination of autocratic, and servant leadership styles in running his business empire, Slim focuses on the transformational leadership style using the intellectual capabilities and charismatic qualities to solve the business problems. While both leaders use different styles in managing their business, both have been successful in their line of businesses.Conclusion Many leaders in the North American have been able to combine both the management and leadership styles to transform their organizations into business empires. This study proves that management styles through different leaders do overlap, however, a combination of both leadership and management skills is critical to achieving compet itive market advantages. The study also compares Gates and Slim management styles through different leaders, and the results of the analysis reveal Gates uses the combination of servant and autocratic leadership styles to manage his businesses, however, Slim relies on transformational leadership style to solve business problems. To modify or extend this essay or to get pricing on a custom essay Contact Us TodayReferencesClark, C. C. (2009). Creative nursing leadership & management. Sudbury, MA: Jones and Bartlett. Demuth, P., & Hammond, T. (2013). Who is Bill GatesNew York: Grosset & Dunlap, An Imprint of Penguin Group (USA) Inc. K?yak, M., Bozaykut, T., Gungor, P., & Aktas, E. (2011). Strategic Leadership Styles and Organizational Financial Performance: A Qualitative Study on Private Hospitals. Procedia – Social and Behavioral Sciences, 24, 1521-1529. doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2011.09.090 Yavirach, N. (2015). The Impact of Transformational and Transactional Leadership to Subordinates Job Satisfaction, Organizational Commitment Affect to Team Effectiveness. SSRN Electronic Journal. doi:10.2139/ssrn.2159035 Zaleznik, A. (2004). Managers and Leaders: Are They DifferentHarvard Business Review. Zentner, A. (2016). Bill Gates: A Servant Leader. Research Gate JournalTo modify or extend this essay or to get pricing on a custom essay Contact Us Today

Differences in Culture

Differences in Culture Summary International trading activities are built on the concept of cultural differences. Culture refers to tastes, manners, and social values practiced by a certain community. Therefore, due to cultural diversity, there exist pronounced differences between local and international businesses resulted by preferential variations. For instance, the Hinduism culture respects the cow and thus do not eat beef. Successful international business relations call for the need to improve cross-cultural literacy (Hill, 2011).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Differences in Culture specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Cultural interaction brings on board different morals, beliefs, knowledge, and customs along with other managerial skills. These cultural values differentiate one community from the other and thus the need to reduce misunderstanding and conflicts in the business world. Cultural values provide a good understanding of a so ciety’s attitude toward democracy, justice, integrity, personal freedom, and role of women in collective duties. Different countries have a lot of varying practices ranging from politics and traditions to the language of communication. These variations are vital in business since they enlighten and improve cross-cultural relationships. Social stratification refers to the characteristic difference between persons of varying societies. This results mainly from benefits of healthiness, education, living standards along with opportunities available to different social strata. Religious and ethical systems are some of the guiding cultures in the business world. These include the Catholic, Protestant, Buddhist, Muslim, and Hinduism cultures. Among all, Christianity is believed to be the most influential and has the most imperative implications. Protestants stress on working hard to build up wealth for the glory of God. Language use is vital in the education system (Hill, 2011). Edu cation, in international view, is featured by the element of competitive advantage where skills are more extensive in some societies than others. Nations with a competitive advantage benefit from reduced production costs, in addition to increased revenues due to an enlarged market share. What I learned From the understanding of international business, it is clear that cross-cultural literacy is beneficial to business in that it assists business persons to treasure other cultures. Cultural interactions assist the less equipped countries to seek assistance from the most developed ones. For instance, China offers a good example of a country that can help other countries improve their technological skills and expertise. In addition, cross-cultural literacy enables firms to cut production costs as well as adoption of the capitalist way of production. Culture is affected by social structure in given perspectives. In an individual’s perspective, it is based on personal performance d ue to beliefs that warrant success. Social groups are essential in local and international business (Hill, 2011). This encourages teamwork in business activities that require varying ideas to perform and do well. Japanese are believed to work successfully through group work and hence achieve maximum results.Advertising Looking for essay on cultural studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Social mobility enables people to move from one stratum to the other in a bid to advance personal skills, as well as access prestigious jobs. Social stratification affects business operations and thus the need for class consciousness to enhance inter-class relationships. Besides, hard work advocated by some religious cultures enables people to accumulate wealth to finance new investments as well as for expansion purposes. Protestantism encourages individual freedom in an attempt to develop a personal relationship with God. The princ iples urged by Islam include honor and respect, generosity, equality, and perpetuation of other peoples’ rights. These ethical behaviors can improve inter and extra cultural relations and afterward be extended to the business world. As a result, communication could advance locally and internationally. However, it is clear that Hinduism recommends spiritual achievement over material gain (Hill, 2011). Societal change in relation to individualism and collectiveness positively impacts economic progress. Reference Hill, C. H. (2011). International business: Competing in the global marketplace. New York City: Irwin professional pub.

Research Paper Proposals Child Development

Research Paper Proposals Child Development Research Paper Proposals: Child Development One of the hardest tasks in writing a research paper is coming up with ideas. Child Development runs the gamut from birth to adolescence, so there are many topic options. Here are a few suggestions: Parenting Styles and Child Development There are countless parenting techniques and styles, some dating to the turn of last century and others are relatively new. Some include Attachment Parenting, Free Range Parenting, and Helicopter Parenting. Early Childhood Abuse and Teen Development Issues This topic looks at teenage development issues that may arise due to childhood verbal and physical abuse. Intervention Programs for Disabled Children Head Start and other programs offer early intervention strategies and have been proven to show a reduction in later learning issues. Childhood Behaviour Modification/Reinforcement Behaviour modification is proven to help children with autism or with emotional and/or behavioral issues; which programs and reinforcement schedules have the most success? Parental Involvement Research in early childhood parental involvement helps positive intellectual development. LGBT Families Do LGBT families face different challenges from households with parents of different sexes? What do studies show about the development of children raised by LGBT parents? Attachment Parenting Attachment Parenting is one of the newest parenting styles and can increase a childs self confidence and independence. Effects of Bullying on Childhood Achievement Does bullying teach children to become more resilient or are they more likely to give up on their goals and efforts? Direct Trial Training in Autistic Children Direct Trial Training or Analysis is a widely used behavior modification technique used for teaching daily skills. Importance of Play It has been said that â€Å"a childs play is his work.† What are the effects of play-based learning for children and their development? For additional child development essay ideas or help with other academic needs, contact at sales@masterwriter.ca. You can also

Employee Resourcing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Employee Resourcing - Essay Example On the other hand, is the permissive autocrat who comes up with decisions in a unilateral manner but provides freedom to the employees to make their own decisions. Secondly is the paternalistic style which dictatorial but still prioritizes on the employee’s interests and those of the organization. The third management style is the democratic form where employees participate in the making of organizations decisions. Hence, everything depends on the majority. In this type there is extensive communication in all the directions. This kind of style is important when complex decisions are being made in organizations especially those that require improved complex skills. Finally is the laissez-faire kind of style where most decisions are made by the subordinates. The manager in most cases remains dormant on the managerial duties. This style is known to result in highly creative group of employees. However, it may also lead to staffs losing focus and sense of direction. This may inter fere with the company image. Employer’s ethics in recruitment and selection Several organizations have recognized the need to establish a process that is formal and standardized when conducting the recruitment and selection process. ... Hence, interviews have to be fair and equitable. The candidates are not only supposed to be asked several questions, rather are also suppose to be given an opportunity to express themselves. Notes taken during the interview should be used as evidence in making final decisions. At the of the interview process all the information should be kept confidential. All the paperwork used in whole process should be given to the chairman who is responsible for the whole process. The information of the candidates learned during the selection process should not be leaked to a third party without the candidate’s permission. The records of the candidate should not be used in for other purposes outside the recruitment and the selection process without the candidate’s permission. Normally files a kept for a period of six to twelve months and then destroyed. Problems with interviews Interviews are conducted by people who may be biased, inexperienced and corrupt. As a result it may be ext remely difficult to make a balanced decision based on facts on who to employ or not. Consequently, wrong people may be employed and this may result in choosing incompetent employees. Reasons for dismissal Employees and employers should treat each other with respect. Therefore, employees should conduct themselves in a manner that is consistent with good conduct and performance. On the other hand, employers should not dismiss their employees unfairly. There are well laid down procedures that are followed before an employee is dismissed in his or her work place. The procedure include; investigation to determine grounds for termination, inform or consult the trade union, give reasons for dismissal, and dispense

Widows of the New Testament Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Widows of the New Testament - Essay Example With this concept in mind, the purpose of this essay is to discuss how the New Testament represented these women, given the context of the time as well as deciphering what message was intended by including the tales of these widows in the Bible. Although widows are featured in the books of Luke 7 and 18, Acts 6 and 1 Timothy 5, this essay is going to focus on another selection that discusses widows in the book of Mark, chapter 12. Through an analysis of this text, as well as some secondary references, this paper will discuss how widows are represented in the New Testament, if the context of both the era and culture attribute to this representation and hypothesize about what message the Bible is intending to impart to readers through the inclusion of these tales about widows. In beginning this essay, it is first essential to summarize the text of Mark 12. Amid the lines of Mark 12, there are certain key lessons and parables that emerge. Aside from the parable of the vineyard and the w icked husbandmen, another key part of the chapter is the parable of the widow’s mite. ... Through this parable, there are several key issues that come to light. First and most obvious, the widow is portrayed as a person of kindness and generosity. As Jesus speaks of this widow women, he notes how she was not well off financially but, still found the ability to give all she had in an effort to pay homage to the church and God she loved and revered so much. This aspect about the widow highlights the fact that Jesus seems to be showing readers the gentle and giving nature of women, in this case a widow. By using a widow for this parable, it is evident that Jesus is attempting to demonstrate that even those women who have lost their partners in life still maintain the often feminine traits of unyielding compassion and maternal nature to care and give to others. Through featuring women this way, the parable begins with the widow being immediately established as a woman with a giving and caring nature. In addition to this initial view of the widow, a more complex analysis of th e context of the era surrounding this time leads to the discovery that the widow was in a very desolate position. During the time of the New Testament, poverty levels were at literal desolation. To indicate that someone was particularly poor meant that they were at the lowest level of society possible (Study Light). As Jesus did this in regard to the widow with the two mites, readers can decipher that she was a person who literally had nothing to live off of and struggled just to find food everyday. With this realization, it makes the message of the parable even more astounding that someone in this situation could find it within themselves and their faith to give

IT Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

IT Ethics - Essay Example This is forcing companies to regulate as well as contain company secrets in an enclosed circle of managers as a means of protecting the future of an IT organization. However, the state of the economy has influenced the ideology that ‘every person has a price’. Managers are poached from one firm to another, which implies that individuals can reveal secrets of the firm to competitors (Kelly, 2006). This has made business difficult, especially with the growth of the World Wide Web (www). Social media sites are being banned in organizations to protect company operations and regulate employee activity. In some cases, managers monitor the activities of employees on their computers to ensure that employees follow protocol at work. This has affected privacy in the office; however, it benefits the firm in containing secrets and/or confidential information. In conclusion, IT companies are struggling in containing company secrets. This is attributed to the harsh economic times, as well as corruption in various sectors. This has prompted firms to clampdown on social media sites to preserve the security of information in the firm (Kelly, 2006). Though privacy is fore-gone in companies for employees, the firm will overlook ethical behavior, for information

The boundaries between phenomenon and context

The boundaries between phenomenon and context The basic aim and objective of this chapter is to describe in perspective the research methodology that would be used to check the correlation between multinational oil corporations participation in economic activities in Nigeria through the means of international trade policy and its effect on economic growth and the influence such corporations exert on international foreign trade policies of the host country Nigeria. In order to achieve these set objectives, the research was carried out through rigorous collection and analysis of data using qualitative case study methodology with a bit of quantitative data since the researcher wont be generating own data but careful analysis of already generated data. 3.2 Justification for the approach used Alternatively, the selection of tools may be at the discretion of the researcher to know the most valid approach to be used, Yates (2004 p14) goes on to argue that positivist thinking has influenced quantitative or numerical research. Ticehurst and Veal (2000 p18) argued that there is a considerable debate among scholars,about the relative merit and value of qualitative vs. quantitative business research and that the debate is often aligned with differing philosophical positions. They went as far as illustrating with a diagram on approaches and methodology. Approaches and methodology Experimental Qualitative Positivist Lab simulation Applied Observational Descriptive Historical Evaluative Ethnographic Feminist Social action Critical interpretation Quantitative Experienced qualitative researchers like Altheide Johnson (1994), Creswell, (2009) Eisner (1998), Gall, Gall Borg (2007), Glaser (1992), Howe Eisenhardt (1990) have offered a variety of standards that may be used to evaluate a qualitative research study and they suggested a general criteria; Purposefulness Explicitness of assumption biases- identifies bias that may affect data collection or interpretation Rigor Open mindedness Completeness Coherence Persuasiveness- logical arguments Consensus Usefulness 3.2.1 Case study method Robert K. Yin (1984) defines the case study research method as an empirical inquiry that investigates a contemporary phenomenon within its real-life context; when the boundaries between phenomenon and context are not clearly evident; and in which multiple sources of evidence are used. Though critics of the case study method claim that the study of a small number of isolated cases can not establish a reliable or general acceptability of the research, but over time well known researchers like Robert E Stake, Helen Simons and of course Robert Yin have proven the success of the case study technique . Some critics feels that the intense exposure to study of the case biases the outcome of the research while others dismissed case study research as a useful exploratory tool. Researchers continue to use the case study research method with success in carefully planned and crafted studies of real-life situations, issues, and problems and I wouldnt be different. Morris and wood 1991 in their att empt defined the case study strategy as a considerable ability by a researcher to generate answers to questions like why? When? What? and How? (Saunders, 2009). Stake, Simons, and Yin have written about case study research issues and suggested techniques for organizing and conducting the research appropriately and successfully. They proposed six steps that should be used when using the case study method: Determine and define the research questions Select the cases and determine data gathering and analysis techniques Prepare to collect the data Collect data in the field Evaluate and analyze the data and finally Prepare the report 3.2.2 Method Used The method to be used in this research is mainly qualitative research with a bit touch of the quantitative aspect due to the simple fact that I have no intention of generating numerical data but analyses sourced data. And also qualitative research is more interpretive since I would be considering words rather than numbers and as the focal aim of this research is best served by a well conducted qualitative inductive interpretive research reasoning (Silverman 2008). Qualitative research believe that the researcher ability to interpret and make sense of what he or she sees is critical for understanding any social phenomenon. In this sense, the researcher is an as much the same way as an oscilloscope, sociogram or rating scale is an instrument (Leady and Ormrod 2010). Furthermore, some qualitative researchers believe that there isnt necessarily is a single, ultimate truth to be discovered, instead there may be multiple perspectives held by different individuals, with each of these perspectives having equal validity or truth (Creswell 2009: and Guba and Lincoln 1998) one goal of a quality study might be to reveal the nature of these multiple perspectives. All enquires of some starts are in a qualitative form (Lauer and Asher 1998) when little information exists on a topic when variables are unknown when relevant theory base is inadequate or missing, a qualitative study can help define what is important that is what needs to be studied. According to Peshkins (1993), Qualitative research studies typically serve one or more of the following purposes Description They can reveal the nature of certain situations, settings processes, relationships, systems or people. Interpretation They enable a researcher to a) gain new insights about a particular phenomenon, b) develop new concepts or theoretical perspective about the phenomenon or, c) discover the phenomenon that exists within the phenomenon. Verification They allow a researcher to test the validity of certain assumptions, claims, theories or generalization within real world context. Evaluation They provide a means through which a researcher can judge the effectiveness of particular policies, practice or innovations. Qualitative research methods are the least prescriptive (Eisner 1998). 3.3 Research design and methodology The research is design and methodology is the focal point for the researcher, it conducted so as to ensure accuracy in organization and consistency. Research design ordinary should be systemic and comprehensive to safe guard the gathering of the data, recording of the data and data analysis to protect against obvious data disorganization. There are five basic components of a good research as posited by Yin (1984). These are . The research questions . The research propositions .The unit of analysis . The logic linking of the data to proposition and . The criteria for interpreting the findings Miles Huberman (1984) laid more emphasis on the need to focus and bound the data within a conceptual framework. They suggested beginning the research with general research questions would help to make the research straight forward and less vague without limiting the vision of the research (Miles Huberman 1984) there by agreeing with the process suggested by Yin. The appropriateness of a qualitative, case study method in this particular project has already been explained in dept. The relationship between philosophy, theory and research methods is an important one; Easterby-smith et al (2002) said it allows one to. Take a more informed decision about the research approach. Decide which methods are appropriate for the piece of research and To think about constraints which may impinge on the research? 3.3.1 Interviews The Interviews to be conducted in this research is via telephone and four different individuals of different background would be used to get probable balanced opinions on the subject matter. Interview questions are being streamlined along the ideas of experts on qualitative research like Creswell (2009), Eisner (1998) Shank (2002) and Silverman (1993) along the following premise, Identify some questions in advance, avoid leading questions, questions such as what is going on now? What is it like to work here and what is a typical day like? Can stimulate informative conversation without suggesting that one kind of response is somehow more desirable than another (shank, 2002). Consider how participants cultural background might influence this response (Howard Shuman 1967). As Shuman discovered cultural background can influence interview responses in ways you havent necessarily anticipated. If you are interviewing people from Asian cultures you should be aware that they are less likely to brag about their individual accomplishment than Westerners are (Heine, 2007) culture plays a significant role in how participants interpret questions. Make sure your interviewee represents a group. Find extremist and mentor them in your notes. Find a suitable location Get written permission Establish and maintain rapport, during the interview you must show compassion and interest in other ways e.g. body language , smiling , maintaining eye contact leaning forward and such neutral encouragements go on Focus on the actual rather then on the abstract or hypothetical Dont put words in peoples mouth. People may reveal inconsistent lies in there recollection, attitudes and logic; their perceptions will not necessary all fit together in a neat little package ( kvale, 1996) Record responses verbatim 10) Keep your reactions to yourself 11) Remember that you are not necessarily getting the facts Interviews can yield a great deal of the useful information. The researcher can ask questions related to any of the following Fact e.g. biographical information Peoples belief and perspective about the facts Feelings Motives Present and past behaviours Standards for behaviour (what people think should be done in certain situations) 6. Conscious reasons for actions or feelings (e.g. why people think that engaging in a particular behaviour is desirable and undesirable) (Silverman, 1993) 3.4 Selection of Participating Persons 3.4.1 Selection of Persons The suitability of the persons approached for the research was established through the criteria adopted by the researcher. The criteria adopted emerged from the aims of the research as outlined in Chapter 1. 3.5 Data management 3.5.1 Gathering data The means of data collection for this research is by both primary and secondary research data collection for both the qualitative and quantitative analysis . Primary Research This is basically telephone interviews of four persons to shed light on the issue being researched. Secondary Research- This is going to be data sourced from Academic Journals, Periodicals, Textbooks, Studies and Reports of institutions, Newsletters, and other relevant published academic materials both electronic and print. Saunders et al (2000), in their write ups posited that research designed is the logic that links data to be collected to the initial question of the research. They used what they called the research process onion for proper illustration thus: C04NF001 Source: Saunders, Lewis, Thornhill (2003). The layers represent . Research philosophy .Research approach .Research methodology .Time horizons .Data collection techniques and methods . Research Philosophy is the choice between two primary alternatives, a positivist and a phenomenological philosophy. (Easterby-Smith et al., 1991; Saunders et al., 2000) highlighted the basic elements of these choices by outlining the key features of these paradigms Key features of positivist and phenomenological paradigms Positivist paradigm Phenomenological Paradigm Basic Beliefs The world is external and objective The world is socially constructed and subjective Observer is independent Observer is part of what observed Science is Value- free Science is driven by human interests Researcher Should Focus on the facts Focus on meanings Look for causality and fundamental laws Try to understand what is happening Reduce phenomenon to simplest elements Look at the totality of each situation Formulate hypothesis and then test them Develop ideas through induction from data Preferred methods include Operational concepts that can be measured Using multiple methods to establish different views of phenomena Taking large samples Small samples investigated in depth or over time Source: Easterby- Smith, Thorp R and Lowe A (1991) The research philosophy for this dissertation would be phenomenological paradigm since it is related to theories and filled with valid and reliable data. Research Approach is the application of either the deductive or inductive approach, and research can be based on empirical or non empirical approaches since there are four types of research namely, Exploratory, descriptive, analytical or predictive, and are based on empirical evidence (Hussey and Hussey 1997). Research Strategy and methodology: The third layer of the onion according to Saunders encompasses the use of any of the following research strategies; Experimental strategy Survey strategy Case study Strategy Action research Strategy Grounded theory strategy Ethnography Strategy and Archival research Strategy For the data collection method of this proposal which will be leading to dissertation, both qualitative and quantitative data will be collected though a secondary source. Data will be collected for books, reports, internet and any written facts concerning the information i will be relevant to my research. 3.5.3 Analyzing and interpreting data Huberman and Miles (1994) define data analysis as three linked sub processes i.e. data reduction in terms of data selection and condensation which are reduced in anticipation or conceptualized framework which are chosen and as instruments, cases and questions are refined,, Data are summarized, coded and broken down into themes, clusters and categories., Data display which is the second sub process described the way in which reduced data are displayed in diagrammatic, pictorial or visual forms in order to show what those data imply, it should be viewed as organized ,compressed assembly of information that permits conclusion drawing and action taking and another sub process is Data conclusion drawing and verification which is where the displayed data are interpreted and meaning is drawn. This part is the most significant of the study, and need to be handled delicately, since it deals with the research methodology where the sources of data collection, method of data analysis, model spec ification research hypothesis and sample period would be examined and determined. For instance, the growth rate of the Gross domestic product (GDP) would be measured to ascertain the changes during the course of this research According to Schram (2003) experience do not speak for themselves nor features within a research setting, directly or spontaneously announced themselves as worthy of your attention. As a qualitative field worker you cannot view your task simply as a matter of gathering or generating facts about what happened. Rather you engage with an active process of interpretation noting things as significant, noting but ignoring other as not significant or missing other potentially significant things all together if you are not careful. Creswell (1998) described a data analysis as a spiral of activities geared towards a final result that is as equally applicable to a wide variety of qualitative studies. After the collation of data, it is organized into different bases, which is then perused, later classified into categories that then synthesized into hypothesis or propositions and finally the end report is arrived at, a diagrammatic illustration is given below. THE FINAL REPORT Synthesis *Offering Hypothesis or propositions *Constructing, Tables, Diagrams. Classification *Grouping data into Themes categories *Finding meanings to the Data Perusal *Getting over all sense of the data *Jotting down preliminary interpretation Organization *Filing *Creating a corporate database *Breaking large units into smaller bits THE RAW DATA 3.7 Research quality Silverman (1993) posited that, only an handful of researchers would not accept that the cultural world has different properties from the natural world. It is generally acceptable that a research work would be regarded as scientific if the methods of study used are acceptable to the subject matter involved in the study. Research in the social sciences is considered to be scientific if the methods used are appropriate and the methods used in the collection and data analysis are rigorous, critical and objective. Kvale (1995) suggests that emphasis on the validity (truth) of findings may if consistently repeated could actually create suspicion in the observer with the preoccupation of maintaining the truth, beware when they swear they are telling the truth (Kvale 1995:34). Silverman (1993) in reinforcing the argument notes, the two central concepts to be considered in any discussion of rigour in research are reliability and validity. Reliability and validity are central to all measurements; they are concerned with how indicators are developed. Perfect reliability and validity are almost impossible to achieve, but they do need to be worked towards. It is important in business and social research to maximize the reliability and validity of indicators and measures used. 3.7.1 Research Reliability Reliability is about the researchs indicators dependability and consistency. If the indicator being used is reliable it will give the same result each time repeatedly. It is about the replication of results. Hamersley (1992) refers to reliability as the degree of consistency with which instances are assigned to the same category by different observers or by the same observer on different occasions. Reliability ensures that any information given does not vary as a result of the characteristics of the indicator, measurement device or instrument used. Nueman (2002) identified three kinds of reliability, namely; Stability reliability, Representative reliability and Equivalence reliability, he also gave four principles that he suggests should be followed in order to increase reliability, . Clearly conceptualized constructs; . Using precise levels of measurement; . Using multiple indicators; and . Using pilot tests 3.7.2 Validity An important way that the researcher has tried to ensure validity in the findings in this project was to generate rather than to test theories. There are three types of validity; construct, internal and external. According to Yin (1994) definition, Construct validity establishes correct operational measures for the concepts being studied, Internal validity establishes a casual relationship linkages as against uncoordinated relationships and finally External validity establishes the domain to which the research findings are generalized. Case study research tends to the more subjective, so it is important to enhance the subject of construct validity. Yin (1993) suggests the following measures: multiple sources of evidence, chain of evidence and review of procedures by informants. 3.8 Researchers role and position 3.8.1 Ethical issues There are three ethical elements that was identified by Neuman (1997) as being of immense importance and absolutely relevant to all researchers especially this particular research, these are; Privacy, Anonymity and Confidentiality these are the three factors that corresponds to the second, third and fourth of Walkers five areas for consideration. All three of these factors are important to this research. Walker (1980) has five areas for which a researchers must concentrate on for ethical consideration, these five areas are; Researcher involvement in the issues or situations or event under study. Confidentiality of data. Issues related to access and control over any data collected Preserving anonymity of persons granted the interviews or gave the necessary information. Problems arising from interpretation of the data. 3.8.2 Researcher integrity The researcher who adopts the qualitative, the interpretive path are questioned by their more positivist colleagues as to their ability to remain objective and unbiased. When conducting the type of research that involves watching, interviewing and recording, there arise a number of opportunities for the personal influence of the researcher to affect the findings of the research. Researcher integrity becomes a real issue. Walker (1984) argues that an important reason for the increased reliance on quantitative methods, replication and statistics in social research is about a lack of trust, We set stringent statistical criteria not because logically they are crucial for establishing a theory but because our intellectual community is socially distrustful of the honesty of investigators. Walker (1984) All research, whether it is quantitative or qualitative, places some degree of trust in the researcher. The reader of qualitative research usually places more trust in the integrity and interpretation of the researcher than they would in the quantitative researcher. It is incumbent on the qualitative researcher to ensure that their research accurately reflects the evidence and that they have all possible checks on the evidence. In order to strengthen any claims made from the evidence collected, the researcher considers what others might say, they look for confirming evidence and they check, as far as possible, for internal consistency. 3.9Research Report A reliance for studying the case A detailed descriptive of the facts related to the case A description of the data you collected A description of the patterns you formatted A connection to the larger scheme of things 4.0 Chapter Summary